Journal
JOURNAL OF CLIMATE
Volume 27, Issue 4, Pages 1600-1618Publisher
AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00068.1
Keywords
North America; Arctic Oscillation; Atmospheric circulation; ENSO; Pacific-North American pattern; oscillation; Climate variability
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Funding
- Office of Science (BER), U.S. Department of Energy [DE-SC0005467]
- U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) [DE-SC0005467] Funding Source: U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
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The influence of the Pacific-North American (PNA) pattern, the northern annular mode (NAM), and the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on extreme temperature days and months over North America is examined. Associations between extreme temperature days and months are strongest with the PNA and NAM and weaker for ENSO. In general, the association with extremes tends to be stronger on monthly than daily time scales and for winter as compared to summer. Extreme temperatures are associated with the PNA and NAM in the vicinity of the centers of action of these circulation patterns; however, many extremes also occur on days when the amplitude and polarity of these patterns do not favor their occurrence. In winter, synoptic-scale, transient weather disturbances are important drivers of extreme temperature days; however, many of these smaller-scale events are concurrent with amplified PNA or NAM patterns. Associations are weaker in summer when other physical mechanisms affecting the surface energy balance, such as anomalous soil moisture content, also influence the occurrence of extreme temperatures.
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