Environmental assessment, management and utilization of red mud in China

In global alumina production, red mud presents a common problem due to its alkalinity which can contaminate the environment. China is the largest producer both of alumina and red mud in the world. A nationwide investigation was carried out to evaluate the status of residue generation, disposal of and utilization of red mud. Analysis of this study revealed that the characteristics of red mud depend on ore sources and refining processes. Red mud should be categorized as general industrial waste rather than hazardous waste. In China, red mud is considered to be a useful resource rather than a contamination. By using contemporary technology, it is possible to utilize 20% of high-iron Bayer red mud and 20% of sintering red mud. More research should be focused on utilization of low-iron Bayer red mud. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.