Journal
JOURNAL OF CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW AND METABOLISM
Volume 34, Issue 8, Pages 1270-1282Publisher
SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC
DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.104
Keywords
brain slice; electrophysiology; energy metabolism; gamma-aminobutyric acid; inhibitory interneuron; mitochondria
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Funding
- German Ministry of Education and Science (BMBF) [01GQ1003A]
- German Ministry of Education and Science (BCCN Heidelberg/Mannheim) [83]
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Gamma oscillations (similar to 30 to 100 Hz) provide a fundamental mechanism of information processing during sensory perception, motor behavior, and memory formation by coordination of neuronal activity in networks of the hippocannpus and neocortex. We review the cellular mechanisms of gamma oscillations about the underlying neuroenergetics, i.e., high oxygen consumption rate and exquisite sensitivity to metabolic stress during hypoxia or poisoning of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Gamma oscillations emerge from the precise synaptic interactions of excitatory pyramidal cells and inhibitory GABAergic interneurons. In particular, specialized interneurons such as parvalbumin-positive basket cells generate action potentials at high frequency ('fast-spiking') and synchronize the activity of numerous pyramidal cells by rhythmic inhibition ('clockwork'). As prerequisites, fast-spiking interneurons have unique electrophysiological properties and particularly high energy utilization, which is reflected in the ultrastructure by enrichment with mitochondria and cytochrome c oxidase, most likely needed for extensive membrane ion transport and gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolism. This supports the hypothesis that highly energized fast-spiking interneurons are a central element for cortical information processing and may be critical for cognitive decline when energy supply becomes limited ('interneuron energy hypothesis'). As a clinical perspective, we discuss the functional consequences of metabolic and oxidative stress in fast-spiking interneurons in aging, ischemia, Alzheimer's disease, and schizophrenia.
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