Journal
NEUROLOGIC CLINICS
Volume 33, Issue 1, Pages 77-+Publisher
W B SAUNDERS CO-ELSEVIER INC
DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2014.09.002
Keywords
Blepharospasm; Botulinum toxin; Cervical dystonia; Deep brain stimulation; Focal hand dystonia; Meige syndrome; Oromandibular dystonia; Spasmodic dysphonia
Categories
Funding
- National Institutes of Health (NIH)
- Ipsen Pharmaceuticals
- Merz Pharmaceuticals
- Psyadon pharmaceuticals
- Atlanta Clinical & Translational Science Institute
- Emory University Research Council
- Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome Children's Research Foundation
- Dystonia Medical Research Foundation
- Bachmann-Strauss Dystonia & Parkinson's Foundation
- Benign Essential Blepharospasm Research Foundation
- NIH from the Office of Rare Diseases Research in the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences [NS065701]
- National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke
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The dystonias are a group of disorders characterized by excessive involuntary muscle contractions leading to abnormal postures and/or repetitive movements. A careful assessment of the clinical manifestations is helpful for identifying syndromic patterns that focus diagnostic testing on potential causes. If a cause is identified, specific etiology-based treatments may be available. In most cases, a specific cause cannot be identified, and treatments are based on symptoms. Treatment options include counseling, education, oral medications, botulinum toxin injections, and several surgical procedures. A substantial reduction in symptoms and improved quality of life is achieved in most patients by combining these options.
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