被撤回的出版物: Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor gene silencing inhibits the development of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and formation of a calcium oxalate crystal in renal tubular epithelial cells in mice with kidney stones via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway (Retracted article. See vol. 237, pg. 1631, 2022)

Between 1% and 15% of people are globally affected by kidney stones, and this disease has become more common since the 1970s. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) gene silencing via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway on the development of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and formation of a calcium oxalate crystal in renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) of kidney stones. A total of 70 clean and healthy C57BL/6J mice were assigned into the normal (n = 10) and kidney stones groups (n = 60). The underlying regulatory mechanisms of GRPR were analyzed in concert with the treatment of shGRPR-1, LY294002, and shGRPR-1 + LY294002 in TECs isolated from mice with kidney stones. A series of experiments were conducted for the measurement of urinary oxalate and urinary calcium, the renal calcium salt deposition, the positive rate of GRPR, the expressions of renal TECs related genes and calcium oxalate regulation related genes, and the growth of calcium crystals induced by cells. After treatment of shGRPR-1 and shGRPR-1 + LY294002, levels of urinary oxalate and urinary calcium in the serum, as well as positive rate of GRPR, became relatively low, levels of E-cadherin enhanced, whereas levels of Akt, PI3K, GRPR, extents of PI3K and Akt phosphorylation, alpha-SMA, Vimentin and FSP-1, OPN, MCP-1, and CD44 decreased and a number of crystals reduced. Taken together, we conclude that GRPR gene silencing suppresses the development of the EMT and formation of the calcium oxalate crystal in renal TECs of kidney stones through the inactivation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.