p38 MAPK Activity Is Stimulated by Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 Activation and Is Essential for Shear Stress-Induced Angiogenesis

Increased capillary shear stress induces angiogenesis in skeletal muscle, but the signaling mechanisms underlying this response are not known. We hypothesize that shear stress-dependent activation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) causes p38 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, which contribute to shear stress-induced angiogenesis. Skeletal muscle microvascular endothelial cells were sheared (12 dynes/cm(2), 0.5-24 h). VEGFR2-Y1214 phosphorylation increased in response to elevated shear stress and VEGF stimulation. p38 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation increased at 2 h of shear stress but only p38 remained phosphorylated at 6 and 24 h of shear stress. VEGFR2 inhibition abrogated p38, but not ERK 1/2 phosphorylation. VEGF production was increased in response to shear stress at 6 h, and this increased production was abolished by p38 inhibition. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered prazosin (50 mg/L drinking water, I, 2, 4, or 7 days) to induce chronically elevated capillary shear stress in skeletal muscle. In some experiments, mini-osmotic pumps were used to dispense p38 inhibitor SB203580 or its inactive analog SB202474, to the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) of control and prazosin-treated rats. Immunostaining and Western blotting showed increases in p38 phosphorylation in capillaries from rats treated with prazosin for 2 days but returned to basal levels at 4 and 7 days. p38 inhibition abolished the increase in capillary to muscle fiber ratio seen after 7 days of prazosin treatment. Our data suggest that p38 activation is necessary for shear stress-dependent angiogenesis. J. Cell. Physiol. 222: 120-126, 2010. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.