Role of C/EBP-β, p38 MAPK, and MKK6 in IL-1β-Mediated C3 Gene Regulation in Astrocytes

Complement component C3, the central player in the complement cascade and the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1 beta is expressed by activated glial cells and may contribute to neurodegeneration. This study examines the regulation of the expression of C3 by IL-1 beta in astroglial cells focusing on the role of the upstream kinase MKK6, p38-alpha MAPK, and C/EBP-beta isoforms (LAP1, LAP2, or LIP) in astroglial cells. Activation of human astroglial cell line, U373 with IL-1 beta, led to the induction of C3 mRNA and protein expression as determined by real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. This induction was suppressed by the pharmacological inhibitor of p38 MAPK (i.e., SB202190-HCl), suggesting the involvement of p38 MAPK in C3 gene expression. IL-1 beta also induced C3 promoter activity in U373 cells in a MAP kinase-and C/EBP-beta-dependent manner. Cotransfection of C3 luciferase reporter construct with constitutively active form of the upstream kinase in the MAP kinase cascade, that is, MKK6 (the immediate upstream activator of p38 kinase) resulted in marked stimulation of the promoter activity, whereas overexpression of a dominant negative forms of MKK6 and p38 alpha MAPK inhibited C3 promoter activity. Furthermore, a mutant form of C/EBP-beta, LAP(T235A) showed reduction in IL-1 beta-mediated C3 promoter activation. These results suggest that the p38 alpha, MAPK, and MKK6 play prominent roles in IL-1 beta and C/EBP-beta-mediated C3 gene expression in astrocytes. J. Cell. Biochem. 112: 1168-1175, 2011. (C) 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.