Journal
JOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE
Volume 18, Issue 7, Pages 1444-1459Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12298
Keywords
TGF-1; Smad2; stem cells; cell cycle; doublecortin; differentiation
Categories
Funding
- Bayerische Forschungsstiftung, Munich, Germany
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG [AI 31/3-1]
- Georg Forster Program
- Bavarian State Ministry of Sciences, Research and the Arts (ForNeuroCell grant)
- EU [LSHB-CT-2005-512146]
- State Government of Salzburg (Austria)
- German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) [01GN0978]
- European Union [HEALTH-F2-2011-278850, HEALTH-F2-2011-279288]
- FWF Special Research Program (SFB) F44 'Cell Signaling in Chronic CNS Disorders'
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Members of the transforming growth factor (TGF)- family govern a wide range of mechanisms in brain development and in the adult, in particular neuronal/glial differentiation and survival, but also cell cycle regulation and neural stem cell maintenance. This clearly created some discrepancies in the field with some studies favouring neuronal differentiation/survival of progenitors and others favouring cell cycle exit and neural stem cell quiescence/maintenance. Here, we provide a unifying hypothesis claiming that through its regulation of neural progenitor cell (NPC) proliferation, TGF- signalling might be responsible for (i) maintaining stem cells in a quiescent stage, and (ii) promoting survival of newly generated neurons and their functional differentiation. Therefore, we performed a detailed histological analysis of TGF-1 signalling in the hippocampal neural stem cell niche of a transgenic mouse that was previously generated to express TGF-1 under a tetracycline regulatable Ca-Calmodulin kinase promoter. We also analysed NPC proliferation, quiescence, neuronal survival and differentiation in relation to elevated levels of TGF-1 in vitro and in vivo conditions. Finally, we performed a gene expression profiling to identify the targets of TGF-1 signalling in adult NPCs. The results demonstrate that TGF-1 promotes stem cell quiescence on one side, but also neuronal survival on the other side. Thus, considering the elevated levels of TGF-1 in ageing and neurodegenerative diseases, TGF-1 signalling presents a molecular target for future interventions in such conditions.
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