Cellular and molecular mechanism of interleukin-1β modulation of Caco-2 intestinal epithelial tight junction barrier

Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) is a prototypical multifunctional cytokine that plays an important role in intestinal inflammation of Crohn's disease and other inflammatory conditions of the gut. Previous studies have shown that IL-1 beta causes an increase in intestinal epithelial tight junction (TJ) permeability both in in vivo animal and in vitro cell culture model systems. The IL-1 beta-induced increase in intestinal epithelial TJ permeability has been postulated to be an important pathogenic mechanism contributing to intestinal inflammation. However, the signalling pathways and the molecular processes that mediate the IL-1 beta modulation of intestinal epithelial TJ barrier remain unclear. Here, we show that the IL-1 beta-induced increase in Caco-2 monolayer TJ permeability was mediated by activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) signalling pathway and that inhibition of ERK1/2 activity inhibits the IL-1 beta-induced increase in Caco-2 TJ permeability. The activation of ERK1/2 pathway caused a downstream activation of nuclear transcription factor Elk-1. The activated Elk-1 translocated to the nucleus and binds to the cis-binding motif on myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) promoter region, triggering MLCK gene activation, MLCK mRNA transcription and MLCK protein synthesis and MLCK catalysed opening of the intestinal epithelial TJ barrier. These studies provide novel insight into the cellular and molecular processes that mediate the IL-1 beta-induced increase in intestinal epithelial TJ permeability.