SUMO conjugation is required for the assembly of Drosophila Su(Hw) and Mod(mdg4) into insulator bodies that facilitate insulator complex formation

Chromatin insulators are special regulatory elements involved in modulation of enhancer-promoter interactions. The best studied insulators in Drosophila require Suppressor of Hairy Wing [Su(Hw)], Modifier of mdg4 [Mod(mdg4)] and centrosomal 190 kDa (CP190) proteins to be functional. These insulator proteins are colocalized in nuclear speckles named insulator bodies. Here, we demonstrate that post-translational modification of insulator proteins by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) and intact CP190 protein is crucial for insulator body formation. Inactivation of SUMO binding sites in Mod(mdg4)-67.2 leads to the inability of the mutant protein and Su(Hw) to be assembled into insulator bodies. In vivo functional tests show that a smaller amount of intact Mod(mdg4)-67.2, compared with the mutant protein, is required to restore the normal activity of the Su(Hw) insulator. However, high expression of mutant Mod(mdg4)-67.2 completely rescues the insulator activity, indicating that sumoylation is not necessary for enhancer blocking. These results suggest that insulator bodies function as a depot of sumoylated proteins that are involved in insulation and can facilitate insulator complex formation, but are nonessential for insulator action.