Journal
JOURNAL OF CELL SCIENCE
Volume 124, Issue 2, Pages 252-260Publisher
COMPANY BIOLOGISTS LTD
DOI: 10.1242/jcs.068759
Keywords
TOX3; CITED1; CREB
Categories
Funding
- Forschungsforderungsfond HHU [9772380]
- VFK Krebsforschung
- Wilhelm Sander-Stiftung [2009.054.1]
- Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Research Foundation [BCTR0503620, FAS0703860]
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TOX3 is a nuclear protein containing a high mobility group (HMG)-box domain, which regulates Ca2+-dependent transcription in neurons through interaction with the cAMP-response-element-binding protein (CREB). TOX3 appears to be associated with breast cancer susceptibility and was previously shown to be expressed downstream of a cytoprotective cascade together with CITED1, a transcriptional regulator that does not bind directly to DNA. In the present study we show that TOX3 is predominantly expressed in the brain, forms homodimers and interacts with CITED1. TOX3 overexpression protects neuronal cells from cell death caused by endoplasmic reticulum stress or BAX overexpression through the induction of anti-apoptotic transcripts and repression of pro-apoptotic transcripts, which correlates with enhanced transcription involving isolated estrogen-responsive elements and estrogen-responsive promoters. However, both functions cannot be inhibited with the anti-estrogen fulvestrant and are only attenuated by mutation of estrogen-responsive elements. TOX3 also interacts with native CREB and induces the CREB-responsive BCL-2 promoter, which can be inhibited by coexpression of CITED1. Coexpression of CREB, by contrast, abolishes TOX3-mediated transcription from the estrogen-responsive complement C3 promoter. Our results suggest that TOX3 can enhance transcriptional activation from different cytoprotective promoters and that this is dependent on the predominance of either phosphorylated CREB or CITED1 within the transcriptionally active complex.
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