Journal
NEUROBIOLOGY OF AGING
Volume 36, Issue 6, Pages 2053-2059Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC
DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.02.028
Keywords
Olfaction; Cognition; Hormone replacement therapy; Estrogen; Menopause; Endocrinology
Categories
Funding
- [R01 AG17596]
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Olfactory dysfunction can be an early sign of Alzheimer's disease. Since hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may protect against Alzheimer's disease in postmenopausal women, the question arises as to whether it also protects against olfactory dysfunction in such women. A total of three olfactory and 12 neurocognitive tests were administered to 432 healthy postmenopausal women with varied HRT histories. Serum levels of reproductive hormones were obtained for all subjects; APOE-epsilon 4 haplotype was determined for 77 women. National Adult Reading Test and Odor Memory/Discrimination Test scores were positively influenced by HRT. Odor Identification and Odor Memory/Discrimination Test scores were lower for women who scored poorly on a delayed recall test, a surrogate for mild cognitive impairment. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Revised, as a Neuropsychological Instrument Spatial Span Backwards Test scores were higher in women receiving estrogen and progestin HRT and directly correlated with serum testosterone levels, the latter implying a positive effect of testosterone on spatial memory. APOE-epsilon 4 was associated with poorer odor threshold test scores. These data suggest that HRT positively influences a limited number of olfactory and cognitive measures during menopause. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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