Effects of Tourniquet Use on Blood Loss and Soft-Tissue Damage in Total Knee Arthroplasty A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Although tourniquets are widely used in total knee arthroplasty, their effectiveness in reducing blood loss and their influence on the postoperative course remain unclear. Tourniquet-related soft-tissue damage is a related concern. We performed a prospective, randomized, controlled trial to clarify the effect of tourniquets in total knee arthroplasty. Methods: Seventy-two patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty were randomly allocated to a tourniquet or non-tourniquet group. Blood loss and changes in C-reactive protein, creatine phosphokinase, and other indicators of softtissue damage were monitored preoperatively and postoperatively on Days 1, 2, and 4. Thigh pain, knee pain, limb swelling, rehabilitation progress, and hospital stays were also recorded for comparison. Results: Patients in the tourniquet group showed smaller decreases in hemoglobin (mean and standard deviation, 2.6 +/- 0.9 versus 3.7 +/- 1.3 g/dL) and hematocrit (7.6% +/- 2.8% versus 10.4% +/- 4.0%), less calculated blood loss (303 +/- 119 versus 423 +/- 197 mL), and smaller increases in C-reactive protein (peak value, 175 +/- 55 versus 139 +/- 75 mg/dL) and creatine phosphokinase (peak value, 214 +/- 89 versus 162 +/- 104 U/L) compared with those in the non-tourniquet group. There was slightly less postoperative pain in the non-tourniquet group. There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of swelling, rehabilitation progress, or hospital stays. Conclusions: The use of a tourniquet during total knee arthroplasty was effective for reducing blood loss and avoiding excessive postoperative inflammation and muscle damage. The use of a tourniquet was related to slightly more postoperative pain but did not affect postoperative recovery.