Journal
NEURAL NETWORKS
Volume 61, Issue -, Pages 85-117Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2014.09.003
Keywords
Deep learning; Supervised learning; Unsupervised learning; Reinforcement learning; Evolutionary computation
Funding
- SNF
- DFG
- European Commission
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In recent years, deep artificial neural networks (including recurrent ones) have won numerous contests in pattern recognition and machine learning. This historical survey compactly summarizes relevant work, much of it from the previous millennium. Shallow and Deep Learners are distinguished by the depth of their credit assignment paths, which are chains of possibly learnable, causal links between actions and effects. I review deep supervised learning (also recapitulating the history of backpropagation), unsupervised learning, reinforcement learning & evolutionary computation, and indirect search for short programs encoding deep and large networks. (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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