Facile micropatterning of dual hydrogel systems for 3D models of neurite outgrowth

Understanding how microenvironmental factors influence neurite growth is important to inform studies in nerve regeneration, plasticity, development, and neurophysiology. In vitro models attempting to more accurately mimic the physiological environment by provision of a 3D growth matrix may provide useful foundations. Some limitations of thick 3D culture models include hampered solute transport, less-robust neurite growth than on 2D substrates, and difficulty in achieving spatial control of growth. To this end, we describe a 3D dual hydrogel model for embryonic rat day 15 dorsal root ganglion tissue explant growth using a digital micromirror device for dynamic mask projection photolithography. The photolithography method developed allowed simple, reproducible, one-step fabrication of thick hydrogel constructs on a variety of substrates, including permeable cell culture inserts. The relationships between projected mask size, crosslinked hydrogel resolution, and gel thickness were characterized, and resolution was found generally to decrease with increasing gel thickness. Cell viability in thick (481 mu m) hydrogel constructs was significantly greater on permeable supports than glass, suggesting transport limitations were somewhat alleviated. The observed neurite growth was abundant and occurred in a spatially controlled manner throughout the 3D environment, a crucial step in the quest for a more effective biomimetic model of neurite outgrowth. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 99A: 532-543, 2011.