Journal
JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Volume 15, Issue 4, Pages 547-557Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s00775-010-0622-5
Keywords
Gadolinium-containing bioparticles; Cell cycle progression; Extracellular-signal-regulated protein kinase; Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [20637010]
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In the present study, we demonstrated that gadolinium-containing particles formed in cell culture medium acted as a biologically active entity to mediate cell cycle progression in NIH3T3 cells. The particles were observed to accumulate at the cell surface by scanning electron microscopy. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis was undertaken and confirmed that gadolinium was incorporated in the agglomerated particles. Moreover, the smaller gadolinium particles exhibited a stronger cell-cycle-promoting effect than the larger ones, but they shared the common signaling pathways. Both extracellular signal regulated kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathways were activated by gadolinium-containing particles and may account for their proliferation-promoting effect on NIH3T3 cells. Furthermore, the study showed that the free gadolinium ion released from gadolinium-containing particles may be responsible for the proliferation effect. This study will be helpful to clarify the biological effect of the insoluble species formed from Gd3+ as well as other multivalent metal ions under physiological conditions and will help to improve their medical applications.
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