Differential Regulation of Transforming Growth Factor β Signaling Pathways by Notch in Human Endothelial Cells

Notch and transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta) play critical roles in endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), a process that is essential for heart development. Previously, we have shown that Notch and TGF beta signaling synergistically induce Snail expression in endothelial cells, which is required for EndMT in cardiac cushion morphogenesis. Here, we report that Notch activation modulates TGF beta signaling pathways in a receptor-activated Smad (R-Smad)-specific manner. Notch activation inhibits TGF beta/Smad1 and TGF beta/Smad2 signaling pathways by decreasing the expression of Smad1 and Smad2 and their target genes. In contrast, Notch increases SMAD3 mRNA expression and protein half-life and regulates the expression of TGF beta/Smad3 target genes in a gene-specific manner. Inhibition of Notch in the cardiac cushion of mouse embryonic hearts reduces Smad3 expression. Notch and TGF beta synergistically upregulate a subset of genes by recruiting Smad3 to both Smad and CSL binding sites and cooperatively inducing histone H4 acetylation. This is the first evidence that Notch activation affects R-Smad expression and that cooperative induction of histone acetylation at specific promoters underlies the selective synergy between Notch and TGF beta signaling pathways.