Novel human glioma-associated oncogene 1 (GLI1) splice variants reveal distinct mechanisms in the terminal transduction of the hedgehog signal

Hedgehog (HH) signaling is one of the key pathways with major significance for embryogenesis, tumorigenesis, and stem cell maintenance. Glioma- associated oncogene 1 (GLI1) is a transcription factor that acts as the terminal signaling effector but also represents a pathway target gene. Here we report the identification and functional properties of novel GLI1 splice variants generated by skipping exons 2 and 3 and encoding an N-terminal truncated GLI1 protein (GLI1 Delta N). Analysis of the GLI1 Delta N mRNAs in adult human tissues revealed comparable expression levels to the full-length GLI1 (GLI1FL), whereas in tumor cell lines a generally lower and more variable expression pattern was observed. Furthermore, GLI1 Delta N is up-regulated by HH signaling to the same extent as GLI1FL but has a weaker capacity to activate transcription. However, in specific cellular contexts GLI1 Delta N may be more potent than GLI1FL in activating endogenous gene expression. Moreover, the dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1 ( Dyrk1) potentiates the transcriptional activity of GLI1FL but not GLI1 Delta N. Interestingly, GLI1FL, in contrast to GLI1 Delta N, is localized solely at the nucleus, in line with its increased transcriptional capacity. The negative regulator of the pathway, Suppressor of Fused ( SUFU), elicits a cytoplasmic retention of the GLI1 isoforms, which is more pronounced for GLI1FL, as this contains an N-terminal SUFU binding domain. Collectively, our findings reveal that the activation mechanism of the terminal transducer of the pathway, GLI1, is mediated not only by GLI1FL but also by the GLI1 Delta N variant.