Journal
JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE
Volume 38, Issue 5, Pages 977-984Publisher
ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2010.11.012
Keywords
Armenia; Ceramic analysis; Chromatography; Grape; Malvidin; Mass spectrometry; Pomegranate; Residue analysis; Solid phase extraction; Syria; Syringic acid; Wine
Funding
- National Center for Research Resources (NCRR) [S10RR024605]
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Archaeological excavations in the Areni-1 cave complex in southeastern Armenia revealed installations and artifacts dating to around 4000 cal. BCE that are strongly indicative of wine production. Chemical evidence for this hypothesis is presented here using a new method to detect the anthocyanin malvidin that gives grapes and pomegranates their red color. Using solid phase extraction (SPE) and alkaline treatment of the samples, followed by combined liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), this method was applied to authentic standards and four ancient potsherds from Armenia and Syria. A positive result was observed for two of the samples from the Areni-1 cave complex, adding evidence supporting the hypothesis that wine was produced in the Near Eastern highlands in the Late Chalcolithic Period. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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