Using fish scales (Sardina pilchardus) within ethylene-propylene-diene ter monomer rubber as bio-based filler

Proper management of waste bio-based materials is an important subject to protect the environment in a sustainable manner. In this study, ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) composites with different fish scale content were prepared and properties of these composites were investigated. Mechanical tests, gel content, curing, and thermal properties were analyzed. In addition, rheological and morphological analyses were also carried out. It was seen that EPDM rubber and fish scale composite have a good compatibility. The addition of fish scale improved the mechanical properties of the final material. Moreover, an increase in gel content and in swelling ratio was obtained for the composite samples containing fish scale. Moving die rheometer tests are concluded that fish scale has acted like an agent that improves the vulcanization process. Thermal gravimetric analysis result pointed out that the thermal stability of the composite developed is higher than neat EPDM. It was concluded that 40 phr fish scale content gives best results. The kinetic study demonstrated that fish scale is compatible with the matrix and improves the vulcanization process. The results have shown that using the fish scale as a bio-based filler is a facile and green way to accommodate the bio-based wastes. (c) 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.