Journal
NATURE MATERIALS
Volume 14, Issue 10, Pages 996-+Publisher
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
DOI: 10.1038/NMAT4368
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- European Research Council under the European Community/ERC [267234]
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There is keen interest in the use of amorphous WO3 thin films as cathodic electrodes in transmittance-modulating electrochromic devices1-4. However, these films suffer from ion-trapping-induced degradation of optical modulation and reversibility on extended Li+-ion exchange. Here, we demonstrate that ion-trapping-induced degradation, which is commonly believed to be irreversible, can be successfully eliminated by constant-current-driven de-trapping; that is, WO3 films can be rejuvenated and regain their initial highly reversible electrochromic performance. Pronounced ion trapping occurs when x exceeds similar to 0.65 in LixWO3 during ion insertion. We find two main kinds of Li+-ion-trapping site (intermediate and deep) in WO3, where the intermediate ones are most prevalent. Li+ ions can be completely removed from intermediate traps but are irreversibly bound in deep traps. Our results provide a general framework for developing and designing superior electrochromic materials and devices.
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