Journal
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
Volume 117, Issue 4, Pages 345-352Publisher
AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00354.2014
Keywords
cardiovascular risk; nitric oxide; flow-mediated dilation; endothelial function; physical activity
Categories
Funding
- Australian Research Council [DP 130103793]
- National Health and Medical Research Council [APP1045204]
- Netherlands Heart Foundation [2009T064]
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research [825.12.016]
- BrightSpark Foundation
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The objectives of our study were to examine 1) the proportion of responders and nonresponders to exercise training in terms of vascular function; 2) a priori factors related to exercise training-induced changes in conduit artery function, and 3) the contribution of traditional cardiovascular risk factors to exercise-induced changes in artery function. We pooled data from our laboratories involving 182 subjects who underwent supervised, large-muscle group, endurance-type exercise training interventions with pre-/posttraining measures of flow-mediated dilation (FMD%) to assess artery function. All studies adopted an identical FMD protocol (5-min ischemia, distal cuff inflation), contemporary echo-Doppler methodology, and observer-independent automated analysis. Linear regression analysis was used to identify factors contributing to changes in FMD%. We found that cardiopulmonary fitness improved, and weight, body mass index (BMI), cholesterol, and mean arterial pressure (MAP) decreased after training, while FMD% increased in 76% of subjects (P < 0.001). Training-induced increase in FMD% was predicted by lower body weight (beta = -0.212), lower baseline FMD% (beta = -0.469), lower training frequency (beta = -0.256), and longer training duration (beta = 0.367) (combined: P < 0.001, r = 0.63). With the exception of a modest correlation with total cholesterol (r = -0.243, P < 0.01), changes in traditional cardiovascular risk factors were not significantly related to changes in FMD% (P > 0.05). In conclusion, we found that, while some subjects do not demonstrate increases following exercise training, improvement in FMD% is present in those with lower pretraining body weight and endothelial function. Moreover, exercise training-induced change in FMD% did not correlate with changes in traditional cardiovascular risk factors, indicating that some cardioprotective effects of exercise training are independent of improvement in risk factors.
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