Heat acclimation improves cutaneous vascular function and sweating in trained cyclists

The aim of this study was to explore heat acclimation effects on cutaneous vascular responses and sweating to local ACh infusions and local heating. We also sought to examine whether heat acclimation altered maximal skin blood flow. ACh (1, 10, and 100 mM) was infused in 20 highly trained cyclists via microdialysis before and after a 10-day heat acclimation program [two 45-min exercise bouts at 50% maximal O-2 uptake ((V)over dotO(2max)) in 40 C (n = 12)] or control conditions [two 45-min exercise bouts at 50% (V)over dotO(2max) in 13 C (n = 8)]. Skin blood flow was monitored via laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF), and cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was calculated as LDF divided by mean arterial pressure. Sweat rate was measured by resistance hygrometry. Maximal brachial artery blood flow (forearm blood flow) was obtained by heating the contralateral forearm in a water spray device and measured by Doppler ultrasound. Heat acclimation increased % CVCmax responses to 1, 10, and 100 mM ACh (43.5 +/- 3.4 vs. 52.6 +/- 2.6% CVCmax, 67.7 +/- 3.4 vs. 78.0 +/- 3.0% CVCmax, and 81.0 +/- 3.8 vs. 88.5 +/- 1.1% CVCmax, respectively, all P < 0.05). Maximal forearm blood flow remained unchanged after heat acclimation (290.9 +/- 12.7 vs. 269.9 +/- 23.6 ml/min). The experimental group showed significant increases in sweating responses to 10 and 100 mM ACh (0.21 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.31 +/- 0.03 mg.cm(-2).min(-1) and 0.45 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.67 +/- 0.06 mg.cm(-2).min(-1), respectively, all P < 0.05), but not to 1 mM ACh (0.13 +/- 0.02 vs. 0.18 +/- 0.02 mg.cm(-2).min(-1), P = 0.147). No differences in any of the variables were found in the control group. Heat acclimation in highly trained subjects induced local adaptations within the skin microcirculation and sweat gland apparatus. Furthermore, maximal skin blood flow was not altered by heat acclimation, demonstrating that the observed changes were attributable to improvement in cutaneous vascular function and not to structural changes that limit maximal vasodilator capacity.