Journal
NATURE
Volume 528, Issue 7581, Pages 258-+Publisher
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
DOI: 10.1038/nature15703
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Funding
- Harvard Academy Junior Faculty Development Grant, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study
- Herchel Smith Harvard Undergraduate Science Research Program
- Harvard College Research Program
- John Templeton Foundation
- Harvard Department of Human Evolutionary Biology
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A sense of fairness plays a critical role in supporting human cooperation(1-3). Adult norms of fair resource sharing vary widely across societies, suggesting that culture shapes the acquisition of fairness behaviour during childhood(4,5). Here we examine how fairness behaviour develops in children from seven diverse societies, testing children from 4 to 15 years of age (n = 866 pairs) in a standardized resource decision task(6,7). We measured two key aspects of fairness decisions: disadvantageous inequity aversion (peer receives more than self) and advantageous inequity aversion (self receives more than a peer). We show that disadvantageous inequity aversion emerged across all populations by middle childhood. By contrast, advantageous inequity aversion was more variable, emerging in three populations and only later in development. We discuss these findings in relation to questions about the universality and cultural specificity of human fairness.
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