Origins of the β-lactam rings in natural products

Naturally occurring beta-lactam compounds fall into four basic structural groups, the penicillins/cephalosporins, the clavams, the carbapenems and the monocyclic beta-lactams. Biosynthetic studies have clarified the steps involved in the formation of the beta-lactam ring for the first three of these groups, but the corresponding process or processes for the monocyclic beta-lactams remains obscure. Isopenicillin N synthase is responsible for formation of the beta-lactam ring in all penicillin/cephalosporin compounds, and the reaction catalyzed is completely separate from that of beta-lactam synthetase, the enzyme responsible for ring formation in all clavam compounds. Conversely, carbapenam synthetase, the enzyme responsible for beta-lactam ring formation for all carbapenem compounds, shows clear relatedness to beta-lactam synthetase, despite differences in the substrates and the products for the two enzymes. The mechanism of ring formation has not yet been clarified for any of the monocyclic beta-lactams, but a third distinct mechanism of beta-lactam ring formation seems likely, and this group includes such a diverse collection of structures that even more new ring-forming reactions may be involved.