Journal
JOURNAL OF ANATOMY
Volume 214, Issue 5, Pages 671-678Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01061.x
Keywords
Carnivora; convergence angle; encephalization; frontation angle; Mammalia
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Funding
- AMNH Collections Study Grants
- National Science Foundation Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grants [DEB-0608208, DEB-0308765]
- NSF International Research Fellowship [OISE-0502186]
- University of California Samuel P. and Doris Welles Fund
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Evolutionary change in encephalization within and across mammalian clades is well-studied, yet relatively few comparative analyses attempt to quantify the impact of evolutionary change in relative brain size on cranial morphology. Because of the proximity of the braincase to the orbits, and the inter-relationships among ecology, sensory systems and neuroanatomy, a relationship has been hypothesized between orbit orientation and encephalization for mammals. Here, we tested this hypothesis in 68 fossil and living species of the mammalian order Carnivora, comparing orbit orientation angles (convergence and frontation) to skull length and encephalization. No significant correlations were observed between skull length and orbit orientation when all taxa were analysed. Significant correlations were observed between encephalization and orbit orientation; however, these were restricted to the families Felidae and Canidae. Encephalization is positively correlated with frontation in both families and negatively correlated with convergence in canids. These results indicate that no universal relationship exists between encephalization and orbit orientation for Carnivora. Braincase expansion impacts orbit orientation in specific carnivoran clades, the nature of which is idiosyncratic to the clade itself.
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