Journal
JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS
Volume 87, Issue 1, Pages 93-98Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaap.2009.10.011
Keywords
Surface chemical structure; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; Infrared spectroscopy; Flame retardant; Phosphoramidate; Thermal decomposition
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Surface chemical investigations of burnt cellulose treated with five different flame retardants based on ethyl ester phosphoramidates have been carried out. Thereby, the elemental composition and structure of the chemical groups present on the char surfaces were assessed via three surface analytical methods, namely X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis and attenuated total reflectance infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy. A portion of the phosphorus is present at the surface as phosphoric acid moieties (more pronounced for less effective flame retardants). In addition, there are indications (from XPS and IR) that the other phosphorus species are chemically bound to the carbon atom of burnt cellulose via a C-O-P bond. Evidence for a condensed phase action of the phosphoramidate flame retardants is found. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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