Journal
NANOMEDICINE
Volume 10, Issue 16, Pages 2573-2591Publisher
FUTURE MEDICINE LTD
DOI: 10.2217/NNM.15.92
Keywords
diagnosis; drug delivery; lanthanides; MRI; multimodal imaging; nanoparticles; targeting; therapy; upconversion; upconversion luminescence imaging; x-ray computed tomography imaging
Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) [51332008, 51372243, 51422209]
- National Basic Research Program of China [2014CB643803]
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Multimodal nanoprobes that integrate different imaging modalities in one nano-system could offer synergistic effect over any modality alone to satisfy the higher requirements on the efficiency and accuracy for clinical diagnosis and medical research. Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), particularly lanthanide (Ln)-based NPs have been regarded as an ideal building block for constructing multimodal bioprobes due to their fascinating properties. In this review, we first summarize recent advances in the optimizations of existing UCNPs. In particular, we highlight the applications of Ln-based UCNPs for multimodal cancer imaging in vitro and in vivo. The explorations of UCNPs-based multimodal nanoprobes for targeting diagnosis and imaging-guided therapeutics are also presented. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of Ln-based UCNPs in this rapid growing field are discussed.
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