Nanoparticles and antigen-specific T-cell therapeutics: a comprehensive study on uptake and release

Aim: T lymphocytes are used as cellular therapeutics in many disease entities including cancer. We investigated the uptake and retention of nanoparticles (NPs) by these nonphagocytic cells. Materials & methods: Uptake, release and toxicity of various polymeric NPpreparations were analyzed by flow cytometry, confocal laser scanning microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. T-cell effector functions were measured using IFN-gamma-ELISPOT and 51Chromium-release assays. Results: Aminofunctionalized NPs were efficiently ingested by antigen-specific T cells without adversely influencing effector functions. NPs were stored in membrane-surrounded vesicles, with major proportions released extracellularly during 24 h. Conclusion: Amino-functionalized polymeric NPs are efficiently taken up by human T cells and could be used to design nanocarriers for direct access and manipulation of antigen-specific T cells in vivo.