Journal
NANO LETTERS
Volume 15, Issue 9, Pages 5888-5892Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b01969
Keywords
Na-ion batteries; intercalation; hard carbon; reaction mechanism; defect sites
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Funding
- Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E), DOE of the United States [DE-AR0000297TDD]
- Oregon State University
- Scientific User Facilities Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences of the U.S. DOE
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Nongraphitizable carbon, also known as hard carbon, is considered one of the most promising anodes for the emerging Na-ion batteries. The current mechanistic understanding of Na-ion storage in hard carbon is based on the card-house model first raised in the early 2000s. This model describes that Na-ion insertion occurs first through intercalation between graphene sheets in turbostratic nanodomains, followed by Na filling of the pores in the carbon structure. We tried to test this model by tuning the sizes of turbostratic nanodomains but revealed a correlation between the structural defects and Na-ion storage. Based on our experimental data, we propose an alternative perspective for sodiation of hard carbon that consists of Na-ion storage at defect sites, by intercalation and last via pore-filling.
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