Journal
NANO LETTERS
Volume 15, Issue 3, Pages 2168-2173Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00175
Keywords
Operando scanning transmission electron microscopy; SEI layer; in situ electrochemical liquid cell; Li batteries; Li dendrite formation; Li deposition/dissolution
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Funding
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), an Energy Innovation Hub - Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences
- U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) [DE-AC05-76RL01830]
- Department of Energy's Office of Biological and Environmental Research at PNNL
- National Science Foundation [NSF-1334012]
- Chemical Imaging Initiative, a Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)
- Directorate For Engineering
- Div Of Civil, Mechanical, & Manufact Inn [1334012] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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An operando electrochemical stage for the transmission electron microscope has been configured to form a Li battery that is used to quantify the electrochemical processes that occur at the anode during charge/discharge cycling. Of particular importance for these observations is the identification of an image contrast reversal that originates from solid Li being less dense than the surrounding liquid electrolyte and electrode surface. This contrast allows Li to be identified from Li-containing compounds that make up the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer. By correlating images showing the sequence of Li electrodeposition and the evolution of the SEI layer with simultaneously acquired and calibrated cyclic voltammograms, electrodeposition, and electrolyte breakdown processes can be quantified directly on the nanoscale. This approach opens up intriguing new possibilities to rapidly visualize and test the electrochemical performance of a wide range of electrode/electrolyte combinations for next generation battery systems.
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