Journal
JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY
Volume 62, Issue 14, Pages 3168-3176Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/jf405633n
Keywords
guluronate oligosaccharide; rnannuronate oligosaccharide; macrophage activation; nitric oxide; ROS; TNF-alpha; NF-kappa B; MAP kinase
Funding
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [12F02093] Funding Source: KAKEN
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This study evaluated the immunomodulatory activities, including regulation of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha production in RAW264.7 murine macrophages, of alginate oligosaccharides (AOS) and investigated their structure-activity relationships. Our results revealed that unsaturated guluronate oligosaccharide prepared by enzymatic degradation (GOS-ED) induced NO production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, dose and time dependently, and stimulated ROS and TNF-alpha production; however, other AOS prepared by different ways or polymers showed very low and even no such effects. Moreover, GOS-ED induced macrophage activation to release the above-mentioned mediators partly involved in nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathways. We also show that the structural characteristics of AOS, especially the unsaturated terminal structure, molecular size, and M/G ratio, play important roles in determining the macrophage-activating effects. GOS-ED could be applicable for agriculture, drug, and food industry as a potent immune-modulatory agent.
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