Inhibitory Effects of 4-Hydroxyderricin and Xanthoangelol on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses in RAW264 Macrophages

The Japanese herb, Ashitaba (Angelica keiskei Koidzumi), contains two prenylated chalcones, 4-hydroxyderricin and xanthoangelol, which are considered to be the major active compounds of Ashitaba. However, their effects on inflammatory responses are poorly understood. In. the present study, we investigated the effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of 4-hydroxyderricin and xanthoangelol on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in RAW264 mouse macrophages. LPS-mediated production of nitric oxide (NO) was markedly reduced by 4-hydroxyderricin (10 mu M) and xanthoangelol (5 mu M) compared with their parent compound, chalcone (25 mu M). They also inhibited LPS-induced secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Although chalcone decreased the DNA-binding activity of both activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B), 4-hydroxyderricin and xanthoangelol suppressed only AP-1 and had no effect on NF-kappa B. On the other hand, all of the tested chalcones reduced the phosphorylation (at serine 536) level of the p65 subunit of NF-kappa B. 4-Hydroxyderricin and xanthoangelol may be promising for the prevention of inflammatory diseases.