Journal
JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY
Volume 62, Issue 15, Pages 3496-3503Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/jf405668a
Keywords
low salinity; Portunus trituberculatus; metabonomics; nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR); metabolic phenotype
Funding
- National High Technology Research and Development Program of China [2012AA10A409]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [41106123]
- Zhejiang Major Special Program of Breeding [2012C12907-3, 2012C12907-9]
- Zhejiang Provincial Education Department [Z201121258]
- Public Interest Program of Zhejiang Province [2013C31032]
- Ningbo Innovative Program of Agriculture [2012C92010]
- National Sparking Plan Project [2013GA7010022013, GA701041]
- major program of Ningbo [2013C11017]
- Ningbo Agricultural Technologies RD Project [2012C10027]
- Program for Science and Technology Innovative Research Team of Ningbo [2011B81003]
- K C Wong Magana Fund in Ningbo University
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Extreme low salinity influences normal crab growth, morphogenesis, and production. Some individuals of swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus have, however, an inherent ability to adapt to such a salinity fluctuation. This study investigated the dynamic metabolite alterations of two P. trituberculatus strains, namely, a wild one and a screened (low-salinity tolerant) one in response to low-salinity challenge by combined use of NMR spectroscopy and high-throughput data analysis. The dominant metabolites in crab muscle were found to comprise amino acids, sugars, carboxylic acids, betaine, trimethylamine-N-oxide, 2-pyridinemethanol, trigonelline, and nucleotides. These results further showed that the strategy of metabolic modulation of P. trituberculatus after low-salinity stimulus includes osmotic rebalancing, enhanced gluconeogenesis from amino acids, and energy accumulation. These metabolic adaptations were manifested in the accumulation of trimethylamine-N-oxide, ATP, 2-pyridinemethanol, and trigonelline and in the depletion of the amino acid pool as well as in the fluctuation of inosine levels. This lends support to the fact that the low-salinity training accelerates the responses of crabs to low-salinity stress. These findings provide a comprehensive insight into the mechanisms of metabolic modulation in P. trituberculatus in response to low salinity. This work highlights the approach of NMR-based metabonomics in conjunction with multivariate data analysis and univariate data analysis in understanding the strategy of metabolic phenotype modulation against stressors.
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