Journal
ANNUAL REVIEW OF GENETICS, VOL 49
Volume 49, Issue -, Pages 603-625Publisher
ANNUAL REVIEWS
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-112414-054813
Keywords
HWE and HisKA_2 kinases; signal transduction; PhyR; ECF sigma factor; partner switch; two-component signaling
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The Alphaproteobacteria uniquely integrate features of two-component signal transduction and alternative sigma factor regulation to control transcription of genes that ensure growth and survival across a range of stress conditions. Research over the past decade has led to the discovery of the key molecular players of this general stress response (GSR) system, including the sigma factor sigma(EcfG), its anti-sigma factor NepR, and the anti-anti-sigma factor PhyR. The central molecular event of GSR activation entails aspartyl phosphorylation of PhyR, which promotes its binding to NepR and thereby releases sigma(EcfG) to associate with RNAP and direct transcription. Recent studies are providing a new understanding of complex, multilayered sensory networks that activate and repress this central protein partner switch. This review synthesizes our structural and functional understanding of the core GSR regulatory proteins and highlights emerging data that are defining the systems that regulate GSR transcription in a variety of species.
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