Journal
INTERNATIONAL REVIEWS OF IMMUNOLOGY
Volume 32, Issue 2, Pages 209-220Publisher
TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC
DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2013.773326
Keywords
adjuvant; alum; innate immunity; particulates; vaccine
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Funding
- Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare
- Regional Innovation Strategy Support Program
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan [24591145]
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [24591145] Funding Source: KAKEN
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Particulates and crystals stimulate the immune system to induce inflammatory responses. Several nanometer- to micrometer-sized particulates, such as particle matter 2.5 (PM2.5), diesel particles, and sand dust, induce pulmonary inflammation and allergic asthma. Conversely, nanometer- to micrometer-sized crystal, sphere, and hydrogel forms of aluminum salts (referred to as alum) have been used as vaccine adjuvants to enhance antibody responses in animals and humans. Although most of these particulates induce type-2 immune responses in vivo, the molecular and immunological mechanisms of action as a vaccine adjuvant are poorly understood. In this review, recent advances in particulate adjuvant research from the standpoint of innate immune responses are discussed.
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