Journal
INTERNATIONAL REVIEWS OF IMMUNOLOGY
Volume 28, Issue 6, Pages 397-413Publisher
TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC
DOI: 10.3109/08830180903215613
Keywords
gut microbiota; probiotics; mucosal immunity; regulatory T cells
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Funding
- Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation [AGL2008-01440/ALI, Fun-C-Food CSD2007-00063]
- JAECSIC (Spain)
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The intestinal tract mucosa is exposed to a vast number of environmental antigens and a large community of commensal bacteria. The mucosal immune system has to provide both protection against pathogens and tolerance to harmless bacteria. Immune homeostasis depends on the interaction of indigenous commensal and transient bacteria (probiotics) with various components of the epithelium and the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Herein, an update is given of the mechanisms by which the gut microbiota and probiotics are translocated through the epithelium, sensed via pattern-recognition receptors, and activate innate and adaptive immune responses.
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