Journal
MOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH
Volume 59, Issue 6, Pages 1095-1106Publisher
WILEY-BLACKWELL
DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400803
Keywords
Adhesion molecule; Cytokine; Cyanidin-3-glucoside; Inflammation; Metabolites
Categories
Funding
- BBSRC [BB/H004963/1]
- UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)
- BBSRC Diet and Health Research Industry Club (BBSRC-DRINC) [BB/H004963/1, BB/H532059/1, BB/I006028/1, BB/I005943/1, BB/J004545/1]
- Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/H004963/1, BB/I006028/1, BB/I005943/1, 1062481] Funding Source: researchfish
- BBSRC [BB/I006028/1, BB/I005943/1, BB/H004963/1] Funding Source: UKRI
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ScopeIn vitro and in vivo studies suggest that dietary anthocyanins modulate cardiovascular disease risk; however, given anthocyanins extensive metabolism, it is likely that their degradation products and conjugated metabolites are responsible for this reported bioactivity. Methods and resultsHuman vascular endothelial cells were stimulated with either oxidized LDL (oxLDL) or cluster of differentiation 40 ligand (CD40L) and cotreated with cyanidin-3-glucoside and 11 of its recently identified metabolites, at 0.1, 1, and 10 M concentrations. Protein and gene expression of IL-6 and VCAM-1 was quantified by ELISA and RT-qPCR. In oxLDL-stimulated cells the parent anthocyanin had no effect on IL-6 production, whereas numerous anthocyanin metabolites significantly reduced IL-6 protein levels; phase II conjugates of protocatechuic acid produced the greatest effects (>75% reduction, p 0.05). In CD40L-stimulated cells the anthocyanin and its phase II metabolites reduced IL-6 protein production, where protocatechuic acid-4-sulfate induced the greatest reduction (>96% reduction, p 0.03). Similarly, the anthocyanin and its metabolites reduced VCAM-1 protein production, with ferulic acid producing the greatest effect (>65% reduction, p 0.04). ConclusionThese novel data provide evidence to suggest that anthocyanin metabolites are bioactive at physiologically relevant concentrations and have the potential to modulate cardiovascular disease progression by altering the expression of inflammatory mediators.
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