Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY
Volume 31, Issue 3, Pages 433-455Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s10764-010-9405-7
Keywords
age at first birth; birth seasonality; fast-slow continuum; infant mortality; interbirth interval; life table; survivorship
Categories
Funding
- University of Nairobi Zoology Department
- Moi University Department of Wildlife Management
- Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology Department of Biological Sciences
- Institute for Primate Research (National Museums of Kenya)
- National Science (NSF-GF) [SBR 95-23623, BCS 98-08273, BCS 05-54747]
- Rockefeller Foundation
- Leakey Foundation
- Wenner-Gren Foundation
- H. F. Guggenheim Foundation
- AAAS-WISC
- University of California
- Columbia University
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Comparative data from wild populations are necessary to understand the evolution of primate life history strategies. We present demographic data from a 29-yr longitudinal study of 8 groups of individually recognized wild blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni). We provide estimates of life history variables and a life table for females. Most females had their first infant at 7 yr. The mean interbirth interval was 28 mo, and decreased from 31 to 18 mo if the first infant died within a year. Interbirth intervals did not differ according to infant sex, but females had longer intervals after their first vs. subsequent births. Infant mortality was 23% and did not differ strongly by sex or mother's parity. Maximal female lifespan was 32.5-34.5 yr. Across the lifespan, both survivorship and fecundity showed typical primate patterns. Survivorship was lowest in infants, leveled off among juveniles, and then decreased gradually with increasing age in later life. Fecundity was highest among young females and decreased among older females. Births were seasonal, with 64% occurring within 3 mo at the end of the dry season and beginning of the wet season. Survival to 12 mo was higher for infants born during drier months. Birth season timing is plausibly related to thermoregulation of infants, weanling foods, or maternal energy demand. Blue monkeys are a forest-dependent species with a very slow life history and relatively low immature and adult mortality rates compared to closely related guenons living in open habitats. Even among cercopithecines as a whole, they appear to have an exceptionally slow life history relative to body size. Differences in life history speed between blue monkeys and their close relatives seem to be related to lower juvenile and adult mortality in forests relative to more open habitats.
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