Surfactant choice and the physical stability of nanosuspensions as a function of pH

Nanosuspensions of the example compounds ketoconazole and itraconazole were shown to aggregate upon reducing the pH to levels comparable to that known to exist in the stomach. Manipulation of the surfactant/polymer ratio in the suspension vehicle did not elucidate the cause of the aggregation. X-ray diffraction on ketoconazole solids failed to identify a form change as causative. Ultimately, ketoconazole intrinsic dissolution rate experiments implicated surface salt formation between ketoconazole and the vehicle surfactant as the cause of the aggregation. The generality of the phenomenon is discussed. (C) 2012 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.