Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY
Volume 73, Issue 9, Pages 1242-1248Publisher
ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2009.05.016
Keywords
Nasopharyngeal biofilms; FISH; SEM; Recurrent acute otitis media; Adenoid
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Objectives: Biofilms have been implicated in the development of several chronic infections. We sought to demonstrate middle ear pathogens in adenoid biofilms using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Methods: Comparative micro-anatomic investigation of adenoid mucosa using SEM and FISH with confocal scanning laser microscopic (CLSM) imaging from patients with recurrent acute otitis media (RAOM). Results: All otitis-prone children demonstrated biofilm surface area presence greater than 85% by SEM. FISH accompanied by CLSM imaging also demonstrated patchy biofilms All biofilms contained middle ear pathogens and were frequent in polymicrobial distributions: 4 of 6, 4 of 6 and 3 of 6 samples contained Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis, respectively. Conclusions: Dense adenoid biofilms may act as a reservoir for reinfection of the tubotympanum. Aspiration of planktonic middle ear pathogens existing in resistant adenoid biofilms during a viral upper respiratory tract infection may be an important event in the development of RAOM. (c) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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