Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
Volume 19, Issue 8, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082366
Keywords
articular hyaline cartilage; regenerative medicine approaches; stem cells; tissue-engineered constructs; cell-based therapy; micro-fracture; mosaicplasty; autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI); matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI)
Funding
- Sechenov University (Moscow, Russian Federation)
- Russian Science Foundation [18-15-00401]
- Karolinska Institute (Stockholm, Sweden)
- Swedish Research Council [2016-02835]
- Karolinska Institute
- Russian Science Foundation [18-15-00401] Funding Source: Russian Science Foundation
- Swedish Research Council [2016-02835] Funding Source: Swedish Research Council
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Articular hyaline cartilage is extensively hydrated, but it is neither innervated nor vascularized, and its low cell density allows only extremely limited self-renewal. Most clinical and research efforts currently focus on the restoration of cartilage damaged in connection with osteoarthritis or trauma. Here, we discuss current clinical approaches for repairing cartilage, as well as research approaches which are currently developing, and those under translation into clinical practice. We also describe potential future directions in this area, including tissue engineering based on scaffolding and/or stem cells as well as a combination of gene and cell therapy. Particular focus is placed on cell-based approaches and the potential of recently characterized chondro-progenitors; progress with induced pluripotent stem cells is also discussed. In this context, we also consider the ability of different types of stem cell to restore hyaline cartilage and the importance of mimicking the environment in vivo during cell expansion and differentiation into mature chondrocytes.
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