Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
Volume 14, Issue 11, Pages 21757-21780Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijms141121757
Keywords
marine bacteria; natural products; anti-biofilm; bacterial attachment
Funding
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL), which is part of the UK's Ministry of Defence
- European Defence Agency (EDA)
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Marine bacteria contribute significantly towards the fouling consortium, both directly (modern foul release coatings fail to prevent slime attachment) and indirectly (biofilms often excrete chemical cues that attract macrofouling settlement). This study assessed the natural product anti-biofilm performance of an extract of the seaweed, Chondrus crispus, and two isolated compounds from terrestrial sources, (+)-usnic acid and juglone, against two marine biofilm forming bacteria, Cobetia marina and Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus. Bioassays were developed using quantitative imaging and fluorescent labelling to test the natural products over a range of concentrations against initial bacterial attachment. All natural products affected bacterial attachment; however, juglone demonstrated the best anti-biofilm performance against both bacterial species at a concentration range between 5-20 ppm. In addition, for the first time, a dose-dependent inhibition (hormetic) response was observed for natural products against marine biofilm forming bacteria.
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