Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYGIENE AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
Volume 217, Issue 8, Pages 819-829Publisher
ELSEVIER GMBH
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.05.004
Keywords
Birth cohort; Childhood pneumonia; Elemental composition; Meta-analysis; Particulate matter; Zinc
Funding
- European Community [211250, ENV.2009.1.2.2.1]
- Swedish Research Council FORMAS
- Stockholm County Council
- Swedish Foundation for Health Care Sciences and Allergy Research
- BAMSE
- GASPII
- Federal Ministry for Education, Science, Research and Technology [01 EE 9401-4, 01 EG 9732, 01 EG 9705/2]
- Federal Ministry for Environment (IUF) [FKZ 20462296]
- Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Munich Center of Health
- Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research
- Netherlands Asthma Fund
- Netherlands Ministry of Spatial Planning, Housing, and the Environment
- Netherlands Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport
- Asthma UK [04/014]
- Moulton Charitable Trust
- James Trust
- Microsoft Research
- Spanish Ministry of Health-Instituto de Salud Carlos III [Red INMA G03/176, CB06/02/0041, FISPI041436, FIS-PI081151, FIS-PI042018, FIS-PI09/02311, FIS-PI06/0867, FIS-PS09/00090, FIS-FEDER 03/1615, 04/1509, 04/1112, 04/1931, 05/1079, 05/1052, 06/1213, 07/0314, 09/02647]
- Generalitat de Catalunya-CIRIT [1999SGR 00241]
- Conselleria de Sanitat Generalitat Valenciana
- Universidad de Oviedo
- Obra social Cajastur, Department of Health of the Basque Government [2005111093, 2009111069]
- Provincial Government of Gipuzkoa [DFG06/004, DFG08/001]
- Fundacion Roger Tome
- Medical Research Council [G0601361] Funding Source: researchfish
- MRC [G0601361] Funding Source: UKRI
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Evidence for a role of long-term particulate matter exposure on acute respiratory infections is growing. However, which components of particulate matter may be causative remains largely unknown. We assessed associations between eight particulate matter elements and early-life pneumonia in seven birth cohort studies (N-total =15,980): BAMSE (Sweden), GASPII (Italy), GINIplus and LISAplus (Germany), INMA (Spain), MAAS (United Kingdom) and PIAMA (The Netherlands). Annual average exposure to copper, iron, potassium, nickel, sulfur, silicon, vanadium and zinc, each respectively derived from particles with aerodynamic diameters <= 10 mu m (PM10) and 2.5 mu m (PM2.5), were estimated using standardized land use regression models and assigned to birth addresses. Cohort-specific associations between these exposures and parental reports of physician-diagnosed pneumonia between birth and two years were assessed using logistic regression models adjusted for host and environmental covariates and total PM10 or PM2.5 mass. Combined estimates were calculated using random-effects meta-analysis. There was substantial within and between-cohort variability in element concentrations. In the adjusted meta-analysis, pneumonia was weakly associated with zinc derived from PM10 (OR: 1.47(95% CI: 0.99, 2.18) per 20 ng/m(3) increase). No other associations with the other elements were consistently observed. The independent effect of particulate matter mass remained after adjustment for element concentrations. In conclusion, associations between particulate matter mass exposure and pneumonia were not explained by the elements we investigated. Zinc from PM10 was the only element which appeared independently associated with a higher risk of early-life pneumonia. As zinc is primarily attributable to non-tailpipe traffic emissions, these results may suggest a potential adverse effect of non-tailpipe emissions on health. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.
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