Journal
MICROBIAL DRUG RESISTANCE
Volume 21, Issue 5, Pages 497-506Publisher
MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC
DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2015.0072
Keywords
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Funding
- European Funds (FEDER) through COMPETE
- National Funds through the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) [PEst-C/MAR/LA0017/2013, SFRH/BD/43468/2008]
- Observatoire Hommes-Milleux, Estarreja through project REFRESH
- ESF (EU)
- POPH funds (Programa Investigador FCT)
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia [SFRH/BD/43468/2008] Funding Source: FCT
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Carbapenems are last-resort antibiotics to handle serious infections caused by multiresistant bacteria. The incidence of resistance to these antibiotics has been increasing and new resistance mechanisms have emerged. The dissemination of carbapenem resistance in the environment has been overlooked. The main goal of this research was to assess the prevalence and diversity of carbapenem-resistant bacteria in riverine ecosystems. The presence of frequently reported carbapenemase-encoding genes was inspected. The proportion of imipenem-resistant bacteria was on average 2.24CFU/ml. Imipenem-resistant strains (n=110) were identified as Pseudomonas spp., Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Aeromonas spp., Chromobacterium haemolyticum, Shewanella xiamenensis, and members of Enterobacteriaceae. Carbapenem-resistant bacteria were highly resistant to other beta-lactams such as quinolones, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. Carbapenem resistance was mostly associated with intrinsically resistant bacteria. As intrinsic resistance mechanisms, we have identified the bla(CphA) gene in 77.3% of Aeromonas spp., bla(L1) in all S. maltophilia, and bla(OXA-48-like) in all S. xiamenensis. As acquired resistance mechanisms, we have detected the bla(VIM-2) gene in six Pseudomonas spp. (5.45%). Integrons with gene cassettes encoding resistance to aminoglycosides (aacA and aacC genes), trimethoprim (dfrB1b), and carbapenems (bla(VIM-2)) were found in Pseudomonas spp. Results suggest that carbapenem resistance dissemination in riverine ecosystems is still at an early stage. Nevertheless, monitoring these aquatic compartments for the presence of resistance genes and its host organisms is essential to outline strategies to minimize resistance dissemination.
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