Vascular factors and depression

Objective This paper examines possible mechanisms that may explain the bi-directional relationship between vascular disease and depression. Design A literature review was carried out using Medline from 1996 to 2007, using relevant key words including vascular depression, and supplemented by key references to earlier work. Results Several mechanisms were considered including: autonomic dysfunction, platelet activation. hypothalamic pituitary axis activation, endothelial dysfunction, cytokines, omega 3 fatty acids, genetics, homocysteine and effects of treatment. Conclusions The relationship between vascular disease and depression cannot solely be explained by current established risk factors or the effects of treatment for depression. Other mechanisms must apply, and there is some evidence for common genetic factors. Promising future lines of investigation include homocysteine, cytokines and endothelial dysfunction. More longitudinal studies combined with measurements of these biomarkers are needed. Copyright (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.