Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
Volume 53, Issue 7, Pages 909-924Publisher
UNIV BASQUE COUNTRY UPV-EHU PRESS
DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.082747rb
Keywords
Twist1; Twist2; Hand1; Hand2; Paraxis; Scleraxis; limb; heart; trophoblast; phosphoregulation; dimerization
Categories
Funding
- NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL061677, P01 HL085098, R01 HL061677-10, P01 HL085098-01A10001] Funding Source: Medline
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Members of the Twist-family of bHLH proteins play a pivotal role in a number of essential developmental programs. Twist-family bHLH proteins function by dimerizing with other bHLH members and binding to cis- regulatory elements, called E-boxes. While Twist-family members may simply exhibit a preference in terms of high-affinity binding partners, a complex, multilevel cascade of regulation creates a dynamic role for these bHLH proteins. We summarize in this review information on each Twist-family member concerning expression pattern, function, regulation, downstream targets, and interactions with other bHLH proteins. Additionally, we focus on the phospho-regulatory mechanisms that tightly control posttranslational modification of Twist-family member bHLH proteins.
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