4.6 Article

Worldwide risk factors for heart failure: A systematic review and pooled analysis

Journal

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARDIOLOGY
Volume 168, Issue 2, Pages 1186-1194

Publisher

ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.11.065

Keywords

Heart failure; Risk factors; Epidemiology; Global health

Funding

  1. Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
  2. United States National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the United States National Institutes of Health [K08HL089675]

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Background: Heart failure risk factors are diverse and likely to vary among world regions. Systematic review and pooled analysis were used to describe contributions of major underlying risk factors for heart failure in six world regions. Methods: Electronic databases were systematically searched, and 37 clinic-based studies representing 40 countries published in 1980-2008 and reporting underlying risk factors for heart failure were included. Risk factors were classified as ischemic heart disease (IHD), hypertension, rheumatic/other valvular heart disease, cardiopulmonary disease, cardiomyopathy, and other. Crude and age- and sex-adjusted risk factor prevalences were estimated for each region using a regression analysis, under specifications of overlapping as well as additive contributions. Results: Many heart failure cases were assigned multiple underlying risk factors, leading to a considerable overlap. Crude IHD prevalence among heart failure patients was > 50% in Europe and North America, approximately 30-40% in East Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean, and <10% in Sub-Saharan Africa. Age and sex adjustment attenuated regional differences in IHD-as-risk factor but IHD remained rare in Sub-Saharan Africa. Hypertension prevalence was high in heart failure patients of all regions but the highest in Eastern and Central Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa (age-and sex-adjusted, 35.0% and 32.6%, respectively). Cardiomyopathy was most common in Latin America, the Caribbean and Sub-Saharan Africa (age- and sex-adjusted, 19.8% and 25.7%). Conclusions: Heart failure risk factors vary substantially among world regions. More detailed regional heart failure epidemiology studies are needed in order to quantify the global burden of heart failure and identify regional prevention and treatment strategies. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

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