Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER
Volume 136, Issue 5, Pages 1095-1103Publisher
WILEY-BLACKWELL
DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29093
Keywords
colorectal cancer; nanotechnology; cancer imaging; molecular imaging; optical imaging; colonoscopy; antigen; biomarker; Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen; fluorescence
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Funding
- NIH [R01 CA160700, P50 CA128323, R01 CA159178]
- VICC Cancer Center Support grant
- Science Research Promotion Fund from The Promotion and Mutual Aid Corporation for Private Schools of Japan
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Thomsen-Friedenreich (TF) antigen belongs to the mucin-type tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen. Notably, TF antigen is overexpressed in colorectal cancer (CRC) but is rarely expressed in normal colonic tissue. Increased TF antigen expression is associated with tumor invasion and metastasis. In this study, we sought to validate a novel nanobeacon for imaging TF-associated CRC in a preclinical animal model. We developed and characterized the nanobeacon for use with fluorescence colonoscopy. In vivo imaging was performed on an orthotopic rat model of CRC. Both white light and fluorescence colonoscopy methods were utilized to establish the ratio-imaging index for the probe. The nanobeacon exhibited specificity for TF-associated cancer. Fluorescence colonoscopy using the probe can detect lesions at the stage which is not readily confirmed by conventional visualization methods. Further, the probe can report the dynamic change of TF expression as tumor regresses during chemotherapy. Data from this study suggests that fluorescence colonoscopy can improve early CRC detection. Supplemented by the established ratio-imaging index, the probe can be used not only for early detection, but also for reporting tumor response during chemotherapy. Furthermore, since the data obtained through in vivo imaging confirmed that the probe was not absorbed by the colonic mucosa, no registered toxicity is associated with this nanobeacon. Taken together, these data demonstrate the potential of this novel probe for imaging TF antigen as a biomarker for the early detection and prediction of the progression of CRC at the molecular level. What's new? Thomsen-Friedenreich (TF) antigen is commonly present in the colorectal mucous of patients with colorectal cancer. Its specificity to cancer cells and its ability to be labeled with fluorescent markers suggest that TF antigen could be useful for optical imaging modalities in cancer detection. The present study describes the development of a fluorescence nanoparticle for TF antigen imaging via fluorescence colonoscopy. The probe successfully detected TF-associated colorectal cancer in the early stage as well as the dynamic change of TF-based CRC during therapy. The nanobeacon could be a prognostic tool for the early detection of colorectal cancer.
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