Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER
Volume 128, Issue 1, Pages 105-118Publisher
WILEY-BLACKWELL
DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25333
Keywords
Type I interferon; 4-1BB (CD137); combined immunotherapy; immunostimulatory monoclonal antibodies
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Funding
- MEC/MICINN [SAF2005-03131, SAF2008-03294]
- Redes Tematicas de Investigacion Cooperativa RETIC [RD06/0020/0065]
- Fondo de Investigacion Sanitaria [FIS PI060932]
- Departamento de Educacion del Gobierno de Navarra
- Departamento de Salud del Gobierno de Navarra (Beca Ortiz de Landazuri)
- European Commission
- SUDOE-IMMUNONET
- Fundacion Mutua Madrilena
- UTE
- Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia
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CD137 artificial costimulation results in complete tumor rejection in several mouse models. Type I interferons (IFN) exert antitumor effects through an array of molecular functions on malignant cells, tumor stroma and immune system cells. The fact that agonist anti-CD137 mAb induce tumor regressions in mice deficient in the unique receptor for Type I IFNs (IFNAR(-/-)) indicated potential for treatment combinations. Indeed, combination of intratumor injections of mouse IFN-alpha and intraperitoneal injections of anti-CD137 mAb synergized as seen on subcutaneous lesions derived from the MC38 colon carcinoma, which is resistant to each treatment if given separately. Therapeutic activity was achieved both against lesions directly injected with IFN-alpha and against distant concomitant tumors. Experiments in bone marrow chimeras prepared with IFNAR(-/-) and WT mice concluded that expression of the receptor for Type I interferons is mainly required on cells of the hematopoietic compartment. Synergistic effects correlated with a remarkable cellular hyperplasia of the tumor draining lymph nodes (TDLNs). Enlarged TDLNs contained more plasmacytoid and conventional dendritic cells (DC) that more readily cross-presented. Importantly, numbers of both DC subtypes inversely correlated with the tumor size. Numbers of CD8 T cells specific for a dominant tumor antigen were increased at TDLNs by each separate treatment but only with slight augments due to the combination. Combined antitumor effects of the therapeutic strategy were also seen on subcutaneous TC-1 tumors established for 24 days before treatment onset. The described strategy is realistic because (i) agents of each kind are clinically available and (ii) equivalent procedures in humans are feasible.
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